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Most power electronics devices operate at higher voltages and currents compared to other electronics. Therefore, the power devices operate differently from other electronics. Devices such as a diode, MOSFET, and BJT, unlike other electronic circuits, do not require an input bias voltage. Power devices are nonlinear, meaning that they are rich in non-linear characteristics. They typically have a limited frequency of operation. Therefore, an average voltage is applied across a power device to make the device conduct. Because of the non-linear nature of power devices, the initial voltage threshold is called "breakdown voltage". When the voltage applied across a power device exceeds the breakdown voltage, the device turns "on" and current begins to flow. This threshold point is often called the "threshold voltage" for maximum current resistance. Whereas the "hold voltage" defines the voltage level at which the power device starts allowing current to flow with the smallest amount of applied voltage. Power devices require a minimum amount of applied time to reach their on-state and a minimum hold time to sustain their off-state in order to ensure that power devices are operated properly. Once no further improvement is achieved, they are considered to be "malfunctioning". Power devices can be designed to withstand 50% more voltage than the peak voltage of the intended application. The switching frequency is directly proportional to the switching power and directly inversely proportional to the time required to turn on or off the device. Optimum drive level must be selected in order to maintain the reliability and avoid excessive heating.
Modulation refers to the process of varying the output power in relation to the input power. This need arises when power electronics devices are used in applications such as variable speed drives. An excellent example is in use in most EV or other electric vehicle applications, such as aircraft passenger cabins or rail vehicles. In consumer products such as washers and dryers, the output power is varied by the amount of water or other fluid used. d2c66b5586